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Public green spaces provide physical and mental respite, which have become essential and elevated services during the COVID-19 pandemic. As visitation to public parks and recreation areas increased during the pandemic, the challenge of maintaining visitor safety and protecting environmental resources was exacerbated. A key visitor safety practice during the COVID-19 onset was maintaining a physical distance of six feet (1.8 m) between groups. A novel data set documented and compared physical distancing compliance and off-trail behavior on multiple-use trails across multiple states and within select U.S. communities, attending to the impact of select environmental factors. Nearly 6000 observations revealed physical distancing compliance varied and the environmental factors of trail width, density, and signage influenced its variability. Similarly, off-trail movement was related to trail width and density. Clearly the environment matters as people negotiate the 'new normal' of physical distancing during physical activity and outdoor recreation participation. Given the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and likelihood of future health crises, this project provides important information and insight for trail and other public green space management, monitoring, and modelling moving forward.
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The Green Deal brings the need to implement production processes in a more progressive and, above all, sustainable way, with the dominant use of renewable resources minimizing the carbon footprint. These efforts are opposed by current societal problems, not closing the Covid pandemic and the war in Europe. In this challenging situation, for many companies, a necessary condition for economic sustainability is a non-declining market share, a sufficient need for non-declining revenues with a medium-term fixation of average variable costs. Fulfilling these conditions means finding a formal expression of the stability of microeconomic variables for their possibility of targeted regulation. For this reason, the article aims to propose a procedure for formalized management of the stability of yield quantities and market share quantities. For the possibility of methodological repetition, the procedure is applied to the case study of the largest producer of original jewelry with Czech garnets.
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These proceedings contain papers on the knowledge and experience on mainstreaming natural resources and product research and sustainable development. The main theme of the 3rd ICONART is Natural Resources and Technology for Industry and Community with a sub-theme focusing on adaptation and innovation research on sustainable natural resources and technology during Covid 19 pandemic.
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This study was carried out, between March and May 2021, in El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras, to: (a) collect information and analyse the opinions, values, experiences and behaviours of rural youth in these three countries of the SICA region in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact at different levels: education, work, health, violence, gender relations, citizen/political participation and associativism, environment, climate change and natural disasters;(b) investigate, in particular, how this pandemic influences the expectations and future projects of young people at a personal, educational and work level;and (c) analyse the information gathered from a gender and intersectional analysis that allows identifying and systematizing the differences and inequalities between the genders in all the selected aspects. The study also inquired about the opinions and explanations of rural youth about different aspects of the COVID 19 pandemic, among others, ideas about its "origin", the consequences at the social and environmental levels, and prioritized means of obtaining information, with the purpose of highlighting the frameworks of meaning that are built on this stage.
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The impact of the global tourist lockdown due to the pandemic dimensions of covid-19 in 2020 and the beginning of 2021 has shaken the industry to its core. The industry of mass tourism has certainly suffered a great knockout, a kind of acute respiratory constriction, a functional collapse that on an organic level would appear as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, tiredness, a life-threatening difficulty in breathing. In this paper, we used the concept of hyperventilation as understood by medicine to seek an organic understanding of the crisis that has hit tourist services. The study used a qualitative research technique, namely the single case study of a healthy man at the age of 51, who was going through a health-enhancing breathing protocol. The conclusions were derived based on inductive reasoning. The pattern and results of expected organic changes due to the breathing protocol were transferred by analogy to the institutionalized level of tourism. Since we focused on changes and patterns to be reflected organically, the detailed symptoms or initial disbalance of the individual in the case study were irrelevant for our conclusions. Physiologically, hyperventilation in humans results in tissue hypoxia, meaning that less oxygen is delivered to cells. Similar logic can be transferred to hyperinflated mass tourism booming in recent years, negatively impacting the indigenous social and natural environment. The results of the expert-based and scientifically justified 5-week breathing interventions are presented via a case study. The improvement of major factors and qualitative interpretation from the subject itself has provided us with sufficient outcomes that can be used (1) in designing preventive and postcovidh ealth regenerative retreats as tourist products and (2) as amodel to support the tourism industry with an understanding of sustainable niche-market solutions.
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Mountain tourism is becoming an increasingly important part of tourism in the Alpine countries, so research among mountain tourists is necessary. The changing values of different generations of tourists play a major role in their behaviour in a high-altitude environment and consequently affect the condition of these areas. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the values of different generations of mountain tourists, different genders of tourists and among members and non-members of mountaineering associations. To achieve this purpose, a quantitative approach was used. The data was collected through a self-completion questionnaire in physical format locations of 1st category mountain huts in Slovenian mountains during the 2020 summer mountaineering season. As part of the research, the sample was divided into four groups according to the year of birth of participants. With multivariate analysis, the existence of significant differences between groups of respondents of different ages, gender and membership, according to their values, was determined. The results of the research demonstrate the correlation between prevailing mountaineering values of mountain tourists and their characteristics. The research helps us to understand the mountaineering values of tourists who visit the mountains and fills the knowledge gap in the field of the differences between the values of different generations of mountain tourists, different genders and among membership in mountaineering associations. As outdoor activities are also gaining in popularity during the Covid-19 pandemic, the results of this research can be useful for attracting new members to mountaineering organizations, preserving mountaineering culture and sustainable development of tourism in the mountains.
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Travel and tourism is one of the most affected sectors due to the COVID-19 pandemic, impacting economies, enterprises, and livelihoods worldwide. The pandemic has heavily damaged businesses across the tourism industry, including airlines, transportation, hotels, cruises, and others. Numerous tourism companies went bankrupt or had been struggling to survive, yet other ones have adapted their strategy and seized the crisis to transform their business for the post-pandemic future. This study aims at investigating the TUI Group's CSR strategic adaptability during the COVID-19 pandemic. The case study is based on a documentary analysis including such documents as annual reports, sustainability strategy, sustainability reports, and financial statements. The findings show that the pandemic crisis moved forward the company's transformation into a digital platform and its sustainability transformation. Moreover, the CSR strategy has been constantly adapted to the evolving COVID-19 environment. The company's efforts aimed at maintaining sustainable value have been primarily focused on supporting and engaging employees, ensuring safe holiday packages for customers, and supporting local communities and partners. Several implications are provided based on the study results.
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Before Covid-19 happened, the tourism industry had been faced overtourism problems as the effect of mass tourism growth. Tourism environment quality reduction and the social problem happened to the local people become a problem behind all glitters of tourism growth. Since the Covid-19 outbreak, the overtourism problem changes into nontourism. The spread of Covid-19 in tourism can change the tourism development's paradigm from the visit quantity to the visit quality. Policy about the limitation on the number of visitors applied as the requirement for reopening the tourism sector. This policy is related to the tourism carrying capacity about the maximum amount contained in one tourism area without causing any damages to the environment. This visitor's limitation indirectly solved two problems at once, concerns about the spread of Covid-19 and overtourism repeats. The research was done in Pulau Merah Beach as the destination with the highest visitors in Banyuwangi regency, which has 574 visitors each day and did the tourism opening simulation in a new normal era with visitors' limitation. The tourism manager has determined that 750 people are the maximum number of visitors per day. This research aimed to evaluate the consistency of the number of maximum visitors with Covid-19 policy about visitors limitation using the tourism carrying capacity concept Mix methods were used in this study to deepen data and analysis. Thus, complete and clearer research was gained. Based on the analysis, the physical carrying capacity value of 1.074 people per day, the real carrying capacity value, and effectiveness of 468 people per day. It means the limitation of visitors in new normal tourism in Red Island is safe and by the Covid-19 protocol because it decreased about 30% from the tourism physical carrying capacity. However, if it was evaluated from the real carrying capacity value and effectiveness, those amounts are still exceeding the capacity of the tourism carrying capacity.
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Tourism and allied sectors are interdependent entities contributing to foreign exchange earnings of the overall GDP of the country. Tourism and allied sectors walk hand in hand to attract and serve tourist at the destination. The outbreak of COVID-19 compelled the countries to seal their boundaries;levy restriction on visa & foreign tourist and social distancing. Fear in the mind of people about the virus has impacted the movement of the tourist in the domestic & international market leading to revenue loss for tourism sector. The process of unlock 1.0 has started but tourist has many expectations post lockdown about the mode of travel, the travel agency which will plan itinerary, hotel they are going to stay, whether all sectors are following the strict rules & regulations to provide safe & hygienic environment to its tourist. The questionnaire will be circulated by Simple Random sampling method among the residents in Maharashtra through Google forms- digital survey app medium. So the study has attempted to explore and analyze the impact of lockdown on tourism & the changes in the tourist behavior and choice patterns post lockdown from the tourism service providers.
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Following the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, several measures have been taken, in the hope of protecting human health and maintaining the economy and various industries at a functional level. One such measure was the introduction of the Covid-19 digital certificate for access to restaurants. This study aims to find out the opinion of young people about the feeling of health safety in public food establishments, as well as the opinion about the opportunity or barrier that arises from the use of the Covid-19 certificate. For this purpose, an online survey was conducted between October 14 and 20, 2021. For this study, university students and high school students were surveyed, the data being collected from 102 respondents, through a self-administered online questionnaire. The main objectives were to find out the level of knowledge of the Covid-19 digital certificate concept among young people, the feeling of health safety that the certificate generates among young people and the opinion about the opportunity or barrier that comes with its implementation. The results showed that all young people know the concept, but mainly tend to consider that the usage of the certificate doesn't generate an environment with an increased health safety in the restaurant or do not have an idea yet formed on this subject. More than two-thirds of the young people surveyed consider the certificate to be more of a barrier than an opportunity for the restaurant activity. At the same time, it turned out that girls are more skeptical than boys about the impact on health safety generated by the implementation of the certificate. The main limitation of this study is that the sample was small and unrepresentative, but nevertheless some interesting results were obtained.
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The economy of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) is highly dependent on tourism and travel sector. Under the impact of COVID-19, these islands have suffered strongly. Possible recovery strategies are tested through exploring the concept of risk perception as an important factor to influence the behaviour intention under the framework of theory of planned behaviour (TPB). A behavioural simulation is built to help evaluate tourism policies. This paper takes Maldives as an example. Four strategies are tested in the model: social distancing, tax reduction strategy, travel bubble strategy and joint strategy. The results show that the most effective way to change tourist behaviour intention is the travel bubble strategy. The results also indicate that the reduction in tourism arrivals may bring opportunities for local ecosystem recovery. This study exemplifies the advantage of using the system dynamics approach when the past pattern is not a good predictor for the future by making predictions based on how the system works.
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In the context of the accentuation of the urbanization process, the towns become the main source of territorial development. At the same time, however, they face major challenges regarding sustainability, climate change, social cohesion, environment or mobility. In the perspective of 2030, Calarasi municipality will be the economic center of interest of South-Muntenia region, through the superior capitalization of the existing resources: the geo-strategic positioning, the natural and anthropic patrimony and the human resource. Based on these considerations, we set out to highlight the tourist potential of Calarasi municipality in order to identify the types of tourism that can be practiced in the town and its surroundings. The indicators of the tourist infrastructure, respectively, tourist accommodation units, accommodation capacity, analysis of the main tourist traffic - arrivals, overnight stays, average length of stay were structurally determined and analyzed for 2007-2019, after Romania accession to the European Union and before the health crisis Covid-19. The favourable geographical location of the municipality gives it various advantages as regards economy, tourism, and landscape. The proximity to the Danube River, which is a real development potential for leisure, fishing, business or scientific tourism, to which is added the cultural, ecumenical and hunting tourism. The attractiveness of this Danube town can be increased by better capitalizing on the elements of built and natural heritage that complement the urban landscape and neighbourhoods and which can lead to increase the stay of tourists, with economic and social implications.
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This paper is a reflection of the development of a Food Tourism module over the last 5 years in TU Dublin with particular focus on the impact of COVID on pedagological strategies. The module emerged as a reaction to an environment in which tourism, and food tourism, was being identified as increasingly important and on the program team there was a desire to provide students with different perspectives of food. A key element of the module is interaction with industry, via guest lectures, case studies and a field trip. COVID-19 had a significant impact as teaching and learning pivoted online. As teaching now returns to the classroom we reflect that the experiences of COVID-19 have made the module more accessible and international.
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This report presents organized and structured information on soybean trade indicators across geographical space and through time. The indicators considered are exports, imports and prices. These also are presented at the by-product level. The levels of aggregation are global, U.S. and North Dakota. The information of each indicator is presented in the form of trends and descriptive statistics. The former reveals the direction of the growth, while the latter reveals the magnitude of expectations. The descriptive statistics are represented by the mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and share contribution to the total. The report is presented in six sections: (I) global temporal soybean trade, (II) global spatial soybean export, (III) global spatial soybean import, (IV) U.S. temporal soybean export, (V) U.S. spatial soybean export and (VI) U.S. state level soybean export. At the global level, the trends of the indicators are presented in addition to the descriptive statistics of the top 15 exporting and importing countries. The trends and descriptive statistics for the top 15 exporting states also are provided at the U.S. level. This report is important because it serves as an informational guide on exports, our competitors for exports and potential markets for soybeans to our producers. In the current environment, the success (productivity and net farm income stability) of agricultural business depends on accurate prediction of potential demand for soybeans and their products to help producers in making decisions for domestic or foreign markets. Hence, having a comprehensive and accurate database on exports and imports at the global, national and state levels will enable producers in decisionmaking with confidence. To formulate trade policies related to the international market, the trends and the descriptive statistics are useful to producers in identifying variations in demand for soybeans and their products. For decision makers, this information is helpful in the development of risk management tools for potential export losses due to risky events such as politically driven tariffs and uncertain events such as COVID-19. Finally, in the years of decline, identifying sources of variation or risk in changing consumer preferences, genetically modified restrictive index, trade facilitation and prosperity indexes is important. The study reveals that: Global Trade * The soybean market has shifted to processed products. * Soybean grain, residue and crude oil are primary with an increase in flour. * Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Canada are the major competitors with the U.S. for soybean grains. * China, Japan, Netherlands, Spain and Germany are the major destinations for soybean grain. * Soybean grain prices have been on the decline in recent years. U.S. Trade vii * China, Mexico, Japan, Indonesia and Netherlands are the major destinations for U.S. soybean grains. * Turkey, Russia, Argentina and Italy are among the top 15 importers of soybean grains but not part of the top 15 U.S. export destinations. U.S. State Trade * Our state-level estimates of trade are consistent with U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Economic Research Service (ERS) exports. In contrast, the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) under- and overestimates state exports because they are based on the location of the port. * Our production-adjusted state export estimates suggest the major exporters of soybeans are Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Indiana, Ohio, Missouri, South Dakota, North Dakota and Kansas. North Dakota Trade * North Dakota soybean exports are underestimated by the USDA FAS. * For instance, the production adjusted export value predicts a value of $885,365,842 in 2018, while the ERS method predicted $887,896,380 for North Dakota. On the other hand, the FAS method presents a value of $62,543,314.
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This article presents a compilation of the history of rural development in Colombia, through the economic political complex articulated with reality and its conflicts, which have generated an adverse episode for the competitiveness of the agricultural sector an d in turn an impact on the economic, social and cultural level. Afteraward, analyzing the actors, the complexity of the agricultural sector related to land ownership, analyzing the impact of factors such as biological risks, economic openness and peace agreements as new alternatives to generate competitive, sustainable development for communities, environment and territories. Finally, some alternatives are resolved that can achieve favorable changes in the sector, considering the implementation of the peace accords, the decentralization of the country, the recovery of ancestral knowledge and the strengthening of public institutions through research.
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After the corona virus pandemic is over, we can expect significant changes in management systems due to a further decrease in industrial commodity trade and, simultaneously, an increase in service trade, digital technology services in particular. The consequences of this crisis will be evident in all segments of economy and will relate to globalisation process, production and international trade. Global COVID-19 pandemic has caused a severe supply and demand crisis of both products and services, on local and international markets. In economies, which base their production on low costs and low inventory and on last minute supply of raw materials and spare parts, supply chains have been disrupted and all this has resulted in major disorders on the market. The problem is effusing from one market to another. Reduced production has led to a sharp decrease in consumption, which is a result of decreased profits. In 2020 world trade has fallen by 9%, foreign investments by 40% and service trade by 60%. For these reasons, it is important to look closely into what has been going on, what is going to be happening, and how it is going to affect business organizations, their stability, safety and business performance in the long run. In order to analyse the environment, facts and factors which affect, both directly and indirectly, our business activities in this globalized society and economy, it is crucial to apply well-structured analytical concepts and to conduct them systematically, especially in these difficult periods of crisis. The application of analytical concepts (analyses) enables business organizations to prepare appropriately for the challenges they are going to face. The use of modern analyses like PEST, BCG matrix, VRIO and SWOT provide essential information about the real level of potentials and resources that an organization has at their disposal. Considering the dynamics of technological and techical changes, and trends of consumers' habit and need changes, analyses are becoming increasingly important in terms of monitoring our internal environment, analysing product and service portfolios and analysing value chains. This paper explores the application and results of the use of modern analyses in the business organizations in Croatia, with a focus on use in times of sharp socio-economic changes, which were caused by the recent crisis.
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This special issue brings together five articles that present an analysis of the state of tourism in Southern Africa due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and provide some insightful recommendations and ways forward in terms of navigating the pandemic's impacts. The articles cover: the challenges of the ongoing pandemic in the Southern Africa region;the application of virtual reality technologies as a response to the pandemic;the economic impacts of the pandemic on guesthouses and nature-based tourism;and the management of community ecotourism to cope and recover from COVID-19 shock.
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In the last decade, a growing trend can be observed in all areas of consumption due to this fact amount of waste from packing from individual households is increasing rapidly. These topics have become the subject of extensive discussions among the professional and lay public in the context of sustainability, the environment and also the renewable resources. Many young people in economically developed countries have embraced the ideas of the Zero Waste and have actively considered the issues of recycling and economy in packaging management. Many young people in economically developed countries have embraced the ideas of the Zero Waste and have actively considered the issues of recycling and economy in packaging management. The aim of the article is to evaluate the current attitudes of young people in college age in the Czech Republic to the purchase of unpackaged good. Research was carried out in January 2021. Total number of respondents were 389. All respondents were university students. The contingency tables and X2 test as methods were used for evaluation relationship between variables. For measuring of strength Cramer's V was used. Four null hypotheses were defined. 83% of respondents sort waste, from that more than 90% of respondents sort plastics, paper, and glass at household. In contrast, only 22% of respondents sort bio-waste and 41% of respondents sort beverage cartons. Women showed more knowledge of sorting waste than men. More than 90% of respondents stated that the volume of packaging waste in their households increased in the last year.
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Corporate social responsibility in the food production and distribution sector in Europe is currently mainly linked to the activities of food banks. Food banks in the current form provide their services free of charge, however, these activities are closely associated with support from public budgets and volunteering. Currently, there is a growing tendency to revise the current funding scheme and the overall provision of food banks' activities, as well as the efficiency aspects of their operation. It is, therefore, necessary to identify the essential aspects of the social responsibility framework, in particular from the side of participating entities as donors to food banks. The new situation calls for a revision of food banks' operation schemes, including supportive voluntary intentions within the business environment. Specifically, the importance of the social responsibility of business entities can be seen in their inclusive assistance in the recent global COVID-19 crisis. This article aims at the identification of financial aspects behind voluntary donations to food banks, using the exploratory approach, namely via identification of major differences between voluntary donors and the respective industry benchmark in the field of financial criteria, focusing on Central and Eastern European countries (CEE). It was employed a methodological approach for testing independent observed samples to compare selected financial performance indicators' mean values, using a two-sample T-test for equal and non-equal variances. Subsequently, a dynamic decomposition of observed financial performance indicators is conducted for a revision of the existence of mutual correlations. Differently from the main areas of interest of identified previous research on food banks' activities, our effort is focusing on business entities in the role of food banks' stakeholders. Corporate micro-financial data of foodstuff donors in Central and Eastern European countries according to their accessible annual reports and lists of donors to foodbanks are employed. Authors thus point out, based on provided empirical evidence, a need for a more inclusive type of attitude to food banks' operations from the foodstuff production and distribution chain and its participants.
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The WTO Trade Policy Review Body met virtually on 11 and 13 March 2020 to review Australia's trade policies. The meeting took place as Australia was completing three decades of uninterrupted economic growth and as the run was being ended by COVID-19 and associated lockdowns. This paper provides a commentary on the Review. It begins by examining the evolution of Australia's trade policies, with emphasis on the period covered by the TPR, 2015-19. The second section evaluates the discussion at the TPR meeting, when WTO members raised questions about the policies described in the Review and the Australian delegation responded. The third section considers developments in the year after the meeting. The paper concludes that, despite its stellar economic performance in the three decades before COVID and strong record on trade liberalisation within and beyond the WTO, Australia faces a difficult post-COVID policy environment. The final section focuses on two challenges: rapidly deteriorating relations with China, Australia's largest trade partner, and the impact of climate change policies.